←Part 1, Part 3→

Update: UE_LOGFMT fixes most of the issues with UE_LOG. These techniques can still be useful if you want something more comfortable to use.

I have also published a sample library that implements some of the ideas presented by this series.

In part 2, we’ll revisit the logging system made in part 1 and look into how it can be made better using new C++ features. UE4 can relatively easily be switched to C++17, and as of UE4.27, C++20 is not that painful either (you’ll need to ask for CppStandardVersion.Latest and possibly disable shared PCHs).

UE5 is C++17 by default and C++20 is easy to turn on even with the binary Epic builds: just add CppStandard = CppStandardVersion.Cpp20; to your Build.cs. Your mileage may vary depending on what platforms you plan to support.

C++17

if constexpr

This is the big one. Remember that typename = void hack that we had to do in part 1? What if we could write all of those as one single function so there is no overloading hell?

if constexpr, like its name suggests, evaluates its condition at compile time. However, as a bonus, you can call functions that don’t exist if the compiler can tell that the if is not taken. Armed with this knowledge we can merge most FillArgs() overloads into one:

// This will get better in C++20
template<typename T, typename = int>
struct THasToString : std::false_type {};
template<typename T>
struct THasToString<T, decltype(std::declval<T>().ToString(), 0)> : std::true_type {};

// You still need this:
void FillArgs(FStringFormatOrderedArguments& Args)
{
}

template<typename F, typename... R> // no void!
void FillArgs(FStringFormatOrderedArguments& Args, F&& First, R&&... Rest)
{
    if constexpr (std::is_constructible_v<FStringFormatArg, F>)
        Args.Add(Forward<F>(First));
    else if constexpr (THasToString<F>::value)
        Args.Add(First.ToString());

    FillArgs(Args, Forward<R>(Rest)...);
}

Try writing the missing branches for ->GetName() and LexToString()! The solution is in Appendix A.

Did you notice the silent-but-horrible omission from the function above? If F matches none of the conditions, the parameter will be skipped without a warning. The obvious fix would be else static_assert(false); but that will just make sure this will never compile.

The real fix is uglier: the condition has to depend on a template parameter to make sure it only gets evaluated when the template is instantiated.

// The left-hand side doesn't matter; it will be false anyway.
else
    static_assert(std::is_void_v<F> && false);

A less hacky but slightly longer way of fixing this is to define a template constant for false:

template<typename> constexpr bool bFalse = false;

// ...
else
    static_assert(bFalse<F>);

Fold expressions

The First, Rest... parameter “unpacking” was a hard requirement in C++14, but C++17 is able to iterate on parameter packs without resorting to recursion.

Running code on them is somewhat hacky and involves abusing operator, so you might want to keep the recursive version anyway. Here it goes:

// No need for the empty overload if you do this!

template<typename... T>
void FillArgs(FStringFormatOrderedArguments& Args, T&&... Params)
{
    ([&](auto&& Arg)
    {
        // If you'd like a type shortcut:
        using F = decltype(Arg);

        // if constexpr goes here
    }(Forward<T>(Params)), ...);
}

This technique works with a separate single-param FillArg template function, or alternatively you can name the lambda like auto FillArg = [&](auto&& Arg){/*code*/};. Both of these are invoked this way: (FillArg(Forward<T>(Params)), ...);

C++20

Template lambdas

The fold expression above can be rewritten using an explicit template parameter instead of auto&& if you prefer:

// This:
[&](auto&& Arg)

// Becomes this:
[&]<typename F>(F&& Arg)

Abbreviated function templates

Speaking of new template syntax, regular functions got parity with lambdas so that you can use auto parameters:

// This is a template
void FillArgs(FStringFormatOrderedArguments& Args, auto&& First, auto&&... Rest)
{
    // ...
}

You don’t have to commit to one style:

template<typename F>
void FillArgs(FStringFormatOrderedArguments& Args, F&& First, auto&&... Rest)
{
    // ...
}

Concepts… almost

Concepts would’ve been great to replace the SFINAE hacks from part 1, but we’ve already replaced them with if constexpr and don’t need to do this anymore. As a reference this is how it could’ve looked:

template<typename T>
concept THasToString = requires(T Value) { Value.ToString(); };

template<THasToString F, typename... R>
void FillArgs(FStringFormatOrderedArguments& Args, F&& First, R&&... Rest);

// or, with auto:
void FillArgs(FStringFormatOrderedArguments& Args, THasToString auto&& First,
              auto&&... Rest);

// or...
if constexpr (THasToString<F>) // no ::value, concepts work as constexpr bool
    Args.Add(First.ToString());

Not just full concepts, but requires expressions themselves also work as constexpr bool. That means all the type checks can be directly contained within FillArgs():

// You still need this for the recursive version:
void FillArgs(FStringFormatOrderedArguments& Args)
{
}

template<typename F, typename... R>
void FillArgs(FStringFormatOrderedArguments& Args, F&& First, R&&... Rest)
{
 // if constexpr (std::is_constructible_v<FStringFormatArg, F>) still works
    if constexpr (requires { FStringFormatArg(Forward<F>(First)); })
        Args.Add(Forward<F>(First));
    else if constexpr (requires { First.ToString(); })
        Args.Add(First.ToString());
    else if constexpr (requires { First->GetName(); })
        Args.Add(First->GetName());
    else if constexpr (requires { LexToString(Forward<F>(First)); })
        Args.Add(LexToString(Forward<F>(First)));
    else
        // Pick a name you expect to never use for a requires-based solution,
        // or feel free to stick with one of the C++17 methods.
        static_assert(requires { First._spanish_inquisition_; });

    FillArgs(Args, Forward<R>(Rest)...);
}

It’s not the nicest thing to read, but at least it’s compact and self-contained. Combine with fold expression lambdas to taste.

If you’re from the future and using C++23, you can use static_assert(false) directly, without the requires hack.

__VA_OPT__

##__VA_ARGS__ from part 1 was a nonstandard hack.
With C++20 there’s finally a standard way to handle 0 parameters:

// Replace this:
#define MY_LOG(Format, ...) MyLog(TEXT(Format), ##__VA_ARGS__)

// With this:
#define MY_LOG(Format, ...) MyLog(TEXT(Format) __VA_OPT__(,) __VA_ARGS__)

On MSVC, this requires setting bStrictPreprocessorConformance to true in your BuildConfiguration.xml or equivalent (-StrictPreprocessor on the command line).

std::source_location

There’s now a non-macro replacement of __FILE__, __LINE__, et al., it even supports columns as standard!

Normally you’d use it like this and rely on the default value:

void MyLogMaybe(const FString& Message,
                std::source_location Location = std::source_location::current())
{
   // ...
}

But this doesn’t really play well with variadic parameters. You can easily add it to a macro wrapper though:

#define MY_LOG(Format, ...) MyLog(std::source_location::current(), \
                                  TEXT(Format) __VA_OPT__(,) __VA_ARGS__)

Note that __func__ is also standard since C++11 if you cannot use C++20; it’s a variable though, not a macro. If you’re reading this from the future, you might find std::stacktrace_entry (C++23) useful, too.






Appendix: GetName/LexToString C++17 solutions

This is how you do ->GetName():

template<typename T, typename = int>
struct THasGetName : std::false_type {};
template<typename T>
struct THasGetName<T, decltype(std::declval<T>()->GetName(), 0)> : std::true_type {};

else if constexpr (THasGetName<F>::value)
    Args.Add(First->GetName());

Unfortunately LexToString is problematic. A lot of things attempt to take this branch, for example pointers implicit converting to bool. This will be a warning-as-error and not compile. I’d suggest keeping this one last, making sure more complex cases are handled first and/or handling the types causing warnings separately and explicitly (e.g. std::is_pointer_v).

template<typename T, typename = int>
struct THasLexToString : std::false_type {};
template<typename T>
struct THasLexToString<T, decltype(LexToString(std::declval<T>()), 0)> : std::true_type {};

else if constexpr (THasLexToString<F>::value)
    Args.Add(LexToString(Forward<F>(First)));

Updated: